May 1643 : 3rd battle - the native tribes submitted to the Qing Empire.September 1640 : 2nd battle - the native Siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of Yaksa ( Russian: Якса): between the natives ( Solon, Daur, Oroqen) and the Manchus.December 1639-May 1640 : 1st battle - the native siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of Gualar ( Russian: селение Гуалар) : between 2 regiments of Manchu bannermen and a detachment of 500 Solon- Daurs led by the Solon- Evenk leader Bombogor ( Chinese: 博木博果爾 or 博穆博果爾 pinyin:Bomboguoer) while the second native leader Bardači ( Chinese: 巴爾達齊 or 巴爾達奇 Bā'ěrdáqí) kept neutral.Timeline 1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers In 1859/60 the area was annexed by Russia and quickly filled up with a Russian population. The first Russians to hear of Dauria were probably Ivan Moskvitin and Maxim Perfilev about 1640. The land was populated by some 9,000 Daurs on the Zeya River, 14,000 Duchers downstream and several thousand Tungus and Nivkhs toward the river mouth. ![]() In 1643, Russian adventurers spilled over the Stanovoy Range, but by 1689 they were driven back by the Qing. East of the Yenisei River there was little land fit for agriculture, except Dauria, the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River which was nominally subject to the Qing dynasty. By 1643 they reached the Pacific at Okhotsk. Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. The Ming dynasty Nurgan Regional Military Commission built a fort on the Northern bank of the Amur at Aigun, and established an administrative seat at Telin, modern Tyr, Russia above Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Various Chinese dynasties would claim sovereignty, build forts and collect tribute when they were strong enough. Socially and politically, from about 600 AD, it was the northern fringe of the Chinese-Manchu world. ![]() Ecologically, the area is the southeastern edge of the Siberian boreal forest with some areas good for agriculture. Hydrologically, the Stanovoy Range separates the rivers that flow north into the Arctic from those that flow south into the Amur River. The southeast corner of Siberia south of the Stanovoy Range was twice contested between Russia and China. The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of Albazin in 1686 and resulted in the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 which gave the land to China. ![]() The Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China, with assistance from the Joseon dynasty of Korea, and the Tsardom of Russia by the Cossacks in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River with disputes over the Amur region. ![]() Nerczinsk is the site of the treaty negotiations. Houmar River is the " Komar" of Russian records. Mergenkhotun ( Nenjiang) and Tcitcisar ( Qiqiha'er) were the two other main Manchu centers in northern Manchuria. Saghalien, or Ula Hotum ( Aigun) was the Manchus' forward base for the attacks on Albazin (which itself is not shown on this map) Aihom ruin(e)d, was Aigun's original site on the left bank of the Amur. Nimguta ( Ninguta) was the main early base of Qing river fleets, which was later relocated to Kiring Ula ( Jilin City). The region of the conflict depicted on a British map about a century after the events, when most of it became parts of the Chinese provinces of Qiqiha'er ( Tcitcisar) and Jilin ( Kirin).
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